270 millones de armas están en las manos de ciudadanos americanos. Esto indudablemente es el ejército más grande del mundo y es totalmente voluntario. Si además sabemos que 100 millones de los que portan armas de cacería que son armas de guerra, durante la epoca de caza, salen de cacería por unos tres meses. EEUU tiene el ejército voluntario mejor entrenado del mundo y además mas patrióticos. Esto preocupa muchísimo a los que pretendan someternos y destruir la libertad y la justicia en los EEUU. http://news.yahoo.com/who-knew/registered-guns-which-countries-have-the-highest-registered-gun-to-citizen-ratio-29789197.html

Affordable health care act‏ por el Dr. Enrique Pérez Blanco

Esto es solo un pequeño ejemplo de lo complicado de la ley y su aplicación , pues no es una legislación uniforme ,todos los capítulos que he podido ver los pagos y penalidades dependen del nivel de entrada de cada" household "en comparación con el nivel de pobreza que establezca el gobierno en cada ano. creo que este ano es alrededor de $ 23,000 anuales por household , o sea según sean tus entradas del 100%,200%.300%,etc del nivel de pobreza. Cálculos peores que el Income Tax.

Si lo buscan por el nombre como aparece en el "Subject" les sale y luego seleccionan para ver la ley completa .

1986 is amended by adding at the end the following new chapter:

‘‘CHAPTER 48—MAINTENANCE OF MINIMUM ESSENTIAL

COVERAGE

Sec. 1501\5000A IRC

‘‘Sec. 5000A. Requirement to maintain minimum essential coverage.

‘‘SEC. 5000A. REQUIREMENT TO MAINTAIN MINIMUM ESSENTIAL COVERAGE.

‘‘(a) REQUIREMENT TO MAINTAIN MINIMUM ESSENTIAL COVERAGE.—An applicable individual shall for each month beginning

after 2013 ensure that the individual, and any dependent of the individual who is an applicable individual, is covered under minimum essential coverage for such month.

‘‘(b) SHARED RESPONSIBILITY PAYMENT.—

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—ø Replaced by section 10106(b)¿ If a taxpayer who is an applicable individual, or an applicable individual for whom the taxpayer is liable under paragraph (3),

fails to meet the requirement of subsection (a) for 1 or more

months, then, except as provided in subsection (e), there is

hereby imposed on the taxpayer a penalty with respect to such

failures in the amount determined under subsection (c).

‘‘(2) INCLUSION WITH RETURN.— Any penalty imposed by

this section with respect to any month shall be included with

a taxpayer’s return under chapter 1 for the taxable year which

includes such month.

‘‘(3) PAYMENT OF PENALTY.—If an individual with respect

to whom a penalty is imposed by this section for any month—

‘‘(A) is a dependent (as defined in section 152) of another taxpayer for the other taxpayer’s taxable year including such month, such other taxpayer shall be liable for

such penalty, or

‘‘(B) files a joint return for the taxable year including

such month, such individual and the spouse of such individual shall be jointly liable for such penalty.

‘‘(c) AMOUNT OF PENALTY.—øParagraphs (1) and (2) were revised in their entirety by section 10106(b)(2)¿

VerDate 0ct 09 2002 13:03 Jun 09, 2010 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00145 Fmt 9001 Sfmt 6601 F:\P11\NHI\COMP\PPACACON.005 HOLCPC

June 9, 2010 Sec. 1501 PPACA (Consolidated) 146

‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The amount of the penalty imposed by

this section on any taxpayer for any taxable year with respect

to failures described in subsection (b)(1) shall be equal to the

lesser of—

‘‘(A) the sum of the monthly penalty amounts determined under paragraph (2) for months in the taxable year during which 1 or more such failures occurred, or

‘‘(B) an amount equal to the national average premium

for qualified health plans which have a bronze level of coverage, provide coverage for the applicable family size involved, and are offered through Exchanges for plan years

beginning in the calendar year with or within which the

taxable year ends.

‘‘(2) MONTHLY PENALTY AMOUNTS.—For purposes of paragraph (1) (A), the monthly penalty amount with respect to any

Taxpayer for any month during which any failure described in

Subsection (b)(1) occurred is an amount equal to

⁄12 of the

greater of the following amounts:

‘‘(A) FLAT DOLLAR AMOUNT.— an amount equal to the

lesser of—

‘‘(i) the sum of the applicable dollar amounts for

all individuals with respect to whom such failure occurred during such month, or

‘‘(ii) 300 percent of the applicable dollar amount

(determined without regard to paragraph (3)(C)) for

the calendar year with or within which the taxable

year ends.

‘‘(B) PERCENTAGE OF INCOME.— As revised by section

1002(a)(1) of HCERA¿ An amount equal to the following

percentage of the excess of the taxpayer’s household income for the taxable year over the amount of gross income

specified in section 6012(a)(1) with respect to the taxpayer

for the taxable year:

‘‘(i) 1.0 percent for taxable years beginning in

2014.

‘‘(ii) 2.0 percent for taxable years beginning in

2015.

‘‘(iii) 2.5 percent for taxable years beginning after

2015.

watch?v=OJgWMI0hch8&feature=related

WND EXCLUSIVE: Black mobs now beating Jews in New York

Gruesome attacks leave broken bones, life-threatening injuries in their wake

If Chaim Amalek had his way, no one would know that mobs of black people are attacking and beating and robbing Jews in the New York area.
Or that they shout anti-Semitic epithets.

Ads by Google

Arrest Records In SecondsYou'd be surprised what is public. Find anyone's criminal history now. www.instantcheckmate.com
Stock Market LossesSecurities Attorneys - Lawfirm Investment Losses Free Consultation www.steinsteinlaw.com

Or that they target Jews because “they don’t fight back.”
“Such information can only serve to heighten racial tensions between these two groups,” said Amalek, an alias for New York video blogger Luke Ford. “Let us all look beyond the issue of race (in any event a mere social construct) and instead celebrate our diversity.”
In this case, the New York Post saw a pattern that most other media outlets never see. To some, it was jarring.
“Anti-Jewish crime wave,” read the June headline about a series of recent anti-Semitic attacks. “In the most disturbing incident, a mob of six black teenagers shouting, ‘Dirty Jew!’ and ‘Dirty kike!’ repeatedly bashed Marc Heinberg, 61, as he walked home from temple in Sheepshead Bay (in June.)”
This is one of several black mob attacks on – and robberies of – Jewish people in Brooklyn over the last two years, leaving broken bones and life-threatening injuries in their wake.
The assaults are part of a larger pattern in the New York area and around the country: Black mobs assaulting, robbing, destroying property and creating mayhem – hundreds of times in more than 60 cities.
Orthodox Jews may bear a disproportionate amount of the violence in New York. But the lawlessness that black mobs inflict throughout the area is not limited to Jews. Much of it is on YouTube.
In February, four black people beat and robbed an Orthodox Jew in the New York suburb of Monsey. They were charged with hate crimes after it was determined they targeted the victim based on his religion. News accounts do not mention the race of the attackers, but the picture tells the story.
In a three-week period after Thanksgiving 2010, the same group of black people was charged in three separate episodes of targeting, beating and robbing members of the Orthodox community. One of the victims, Joel Weinberger, spent four days in the hospital with broken bones and required 10 hours of surgery on his broken jaw and eye socket.
Ford and others, such as MSNBC news anchor Melissa Harris-Perry, say the media should not report news if it makes black people look bad. But most racial crimes and violence from black mobs in the New York area are usually not reported – not by the mainstream media anyway.
Witnesses and others who know often find a way to drop a dime, or a video or Internet posting.
Just a few days before the Heinberg beating, a group of students from a predominately black school in a predominantly black neighborhood in Brooklyn were “evicted” from the 9/11 Memorial site in Manhattan “after they callously hurled trash into its fountains. The vile vandals from Junior High School 292 in East New York treated the solemn memorial – its reflecting pools honoring the nearly 3,000 people killed in the terror attacks – like a garbage dump.”
One of the students was found carrying ammunition.
The story did not identify the race of the students. The picture for the article featured a young white person looking over the fountains. But people who posted comments to the story, many of whom said they lived near the school, identified the vandals as black – if only to defend them.
“The NYPD have destroyed enough young black lives,” wrote poster Blaque Knyte. “I’d be willing to bet you didn’t suggest jail for the little white suburban thugs who harassed that elderly bus matron to tears, which IS a crime by the way.”
Many of the commenters said the story should have identified the race of the miscreants – if only to protect the community from future mayhem. That was too much for “brooklynborn,” who said, “I am embarrassed for my fellow Americans who flaunt their racism so publicly. What they did was offensive, but the conditions of where we grew up – compared to the wealth of Wall St. – is also offensive.”
While New Yorkers continue to debate whether race has anything to do with crime, or whether it should be reported, the list of racially violent and lawless episodes continues to grow.
On May 12, black women taunted two teenage girls on a subway before “hauling” the girls off the subway, beating them and stealing one of their phones.
The local NBC affiliate did not disclose the race of the mob, but it didn’t have to: The attack was videotaped and posted on YouTube.
On Staten Island in December, two police officers were hurt trying to control a mob of 50 black people attacking a single family home. Firefighters finally disbursed the crowd with fire hoses to get them away from the officers. Several pictures and videos show some of the action.
Last June, hundreds of black people rioted on Brighton Beach in an annual event called Brooklyn-Queens Day. Four people were shot and one killed. Much of it was posted on YouTube.
According to the New York Post: “The shootings didn’t surprise neighbors, who’ve gotten used to trouble on previous Brooklyn-Queens Days.”
“These kids come not to swim, they come for turf fights,” said Pat Singer, president of the Brighton Beach Neighborhood Association. “It’s a problem every year. It’s really hard on the businesses. All day long, all you see are hundreds of teenagers. Of course you’re going to have problems.”
In May of 2011, more than two dozen black people on a “rampage … terrorized” a Dunkin Donuts. The “swarm mob” attacked patrons, destroyed the fixtures and stole food, reported the Daily Mail, which published the story with pictures.
A few months before, the same scenario unfolded at a New York Wendy’s. A mob of black people were fighting and destroying property, and a teenage employee was attacked and hospitalized with a concussion.
Also like the episode before, the New York Fox affiliate removed the videos of the attack from its website – but not before Hip Hop New 24-7 posted it.
This is a long list. New York is a big city.
Last summer, a Bronx man said he was taunted for being white and beaten by a black mob on a subway. No charges were filed, and police refused to list it as a hate crime.
In June of last year, 11 black people were arrested for rioting, fighting and mayhem outside of a Long Island emergency room.
On Memorial Day 2011, hundreds of black people created a “riot” in Long Beach at Nassau County. The local Fox affiliate removed its video coverage from its website, but witnesses to the event posting on the Long Island Patch said lawless behavior from mobs of black people was a regular feature of life at that beach town.
“I was fortunate enough to witness both incidents,” said Kevin Spelman in Patch. “The one on Friday (senior cut day) and the one yesterday. I would classify the people I saw over the weekend leaving garbage and vandalism in their wake as ‘unsupervised, poorly raised teenagers’! The group involved in the riot was overwhelmingly black. But to your point, does that mean all black youth are troublemakers? I watched two white kids vandalizing one of the benches on the boardwalk.”
Less than a year before, five black men were arrested and two police officers were hurt after another riot at that beach town. The police had chased a suspect into a Long Beach house, where he refused to leave.
According to the Long Island Press: ”When the door was finally opened, the two other suspects attacked the officer, a large crowd gathered and a melee ensued. ‘Many members of the crowd began participating in the melee, cursing at, kicking and punching the police officers at the scene,’ police said.”
Near New York last summer, David Strucinski of Northern New Jersey came to the aid of his friend who was under attack by a group of 13 black people. He was “savagely” beaten and hospitalized with a coma and remained in critical condition. Nine black people were arrested, including the mother of one suspect who was trying to smuggle him out of the area in the trunk of her car.

Caminando La Habana evitando que nos caiga un balcón en la cabeza: por María Juana https://snt122.mail.live.com/default.aspx?rru=home&livecom=1#!/mail/ViewOfficePreview.aspx?messageid=aaf4c52f-c3db-11e1-85ec-00215ad7f15c&folderid=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001&attindex=0&cp=-1&attdepth=0&n=1648252557

New state laws go into effect Sunday

Measures that increase penalties for human trafficking and video voyeurism are among new state laws. POLITICS por Jorge A Villalon.

BY BILL KACZOR Associated Press

TALLAHASSEE — A trio of constitutionally questionable measures and legislation designed to crack down on no-fault auto insurance fraud are among about 150 new Florida laws going into effect Sunday.

A law that bans state and local governments from hiring companies that do business in Cuba and Syria already has been challenged in court, and a federal judge has at least temporarily put it on hold. Gov . Rick Scott’s administration earlier announced it would not put into effect a second new law allowing random drug testing of state employees until a legal challenge to a similar executive order issued by Scott is resolved.

Another statute that permits inspirational messages, including prayers, in public schools has drawn threats of lawsuits. Legal action, however, may not be necessary to negate the law because it gives local school boards the option of implementing it.

“Nobody’s going to do it,” said Wayne Blanton, executive director of the Florida School Boards Association. “We are telling them it will be costly and not worth the effort.”

Some of the other laws with a July 1 effective date would enlarge Scott’s power over state rule-making, restore tax credits for renewable energy and expand online learning for elementary school students.

There are also tax breaks for businesses and new laws that increase penalties for human trafficking and video voyeurism.

Another law will require student-athletes who suffer head injuries to be pulled from competition until cleared by doctors. The state’s new $69.9 billion budget also goes into effect.

The changes to auto insurance affect the state’s personal injury protection — or PIP — coverage. Since 1972, Florida motorists have been required to buy such coverage to make sure anyone injured in a crash gets money to treat their injuries without delay. A driver’s insurance company is required to pay up to $10,000 for medical bills and lost wages no matter who is at fault.

Bogus claims and faked accidents, though, are largely responsible for a $1.4 billion increase in PIP costs since 2008, state officials say.

The new law puts a 14-day limit on seeking treatment after a crash. Benefits also are capped at $2,500 unless an authorized healthcare professional determines there’s an “emergency medical condition.” Chiropractors cannot make that determination.

Another new law responds to a Florida Supreme Court ruling that Scott exceeded his authority when he ordered state agencies to freeze rule-making so his office could first review and approve or reject proposed rules. The new law gives Scott the power that the high court said he lacked. Environmentalists and other critics say that will make it harder for the public to challenge proposed rules.

The renewable-energy measure became law without Scott’s signature, but he rejected requests by tea party activists for a veto out of deference to lawmakers and Agriculture Commissioner Adam Putnam, a fellow Republican. One of Putnam’s top legislative priorities, the law restores expired tax credits and other incentives for renewables.

Another new law will let the Florida Virtual School expand part-time offerings to children in kindergarten through third grade and lift a requirement for students to spend at least a year in a regular public school before enrolling in Virtual School classes. That’s expected to benefit home-schooled children.

A tax-cutting law totaling nearly $120 million will be going into effect. It includes a small reduction in the state’s corporate income tax as the result of doubling the exemption to $50,000. The law that Scott touts as part of his “jobs agenda” includes tax breaks targeted to specific industries and for purchases of machinery and equipment. Another section reauthorizes the popular back-to-school sales tax “holiday” by exempting purchases of certain school supplies and clothing between Aug. 3 and Aug. 5.

A separate new law scales back an increase in the unemployment compensation tax paid by employers, which is expected to save them $800 million over three years. It also revamps the system into a “reemployment assistance” program, including job training for unemployed workers who score low on a skills test.

Maximum penalties will double from 15 years to 30 years for human trafficking and increase from one year to five years for video voyeurism — the secret recording of another person while naked or in some state of undress.

The head-injury law also requires that parents or guardians sign an “informed consent” form about the dangers of concussions before a student can join a team.

The budget includes a $1 billion increase for public schools, although that’s not enough to make up for cuts they received a year ago. It also slashes state support to public universities by $300 million.

MCT

FRAUD CRACKDOWN: A new law puts a 14-day limit on seeking treatment under Florida’s no-fault insurance system and caps benefits at $2,500 in most cases.

Measures that increase penalties for human trafficking and video voyeurism are among new state laws.

BY BILL KACZOR Associated Press

TALLAHASSEE — A trio of constitutionally questionable measures and legislation designed to crack down on no-fault auto insurance fraud are among about 150 new Florida laws going into effect Sunday.

“Nobody’s going to do it,” said Wayne Blanton, executive director of the Florida School Boards Association. “We are telling them it will be costly and not worth the effort.”

There are also tax breaks for businesses and new laws that increase penalties for human trafficking and video voyeurism.

Another law will require student-athletes who suffer head injuries to be pulled from competition until cleared by doctors. The state’s new $69.9 billion budget also goes into effect.

Bogus claims and faked accidents, though, are largely responsible for a $1.4 billion increase in PIP costs since 2008, state officials say.

The head-injury law also requires that parents or guardians sign an “informed consent” form about the dangers of concussions before a student can join a team.

MCT FRAUD CRACKDOWN: A new law puts a 14-day limit on seeking treatment under Florida’s no-fault insurance system and caps benefits at $2,500 in most cases.

Jorge Alberto Villalón Y.

Too Many Broken Promises in Obamacare “The Heritage Foundation”.

Yesterday, House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-CA)Â almost called Obamacare's individual mandate a tax, stopping mid-word to call it a "penalty". White House Chief of Staff Jack Lew and other spokespersons echoed this talking point. This is in spite of last week's Supreme Court ruling that deemed the mandate unconstitutional underÂ both the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause, but ruled that it could stand as part of Congress's authority to "lay and collect taxes."
Dubbing the individual mandate a tax saved the President's health care law, but it's a concept that President Obama himself has strongly denied. In a 2009 interview, President Obama argued that his individual mandate was not a tax increase, stating, "I absolutely reject that notion."
But after last week, President Obama must now admit it's a tax or admit the mandate is unconstitutional. It's can only be one or the other.
The mandate is in fact a tax, and it's just one of many new taxes that hit the middle class in Obamacare. Lo and behold, another broken promise. President Obama claims that the mandate is holding people responsible, keeping with that spirit, here's a reminder of the other promises the President and his health care law are responsible for breaking:

Promise #1: "Under my plan, no family making less than $250,000 a year will see any form of tax increase."
Reality: The individual mandate is far from alone on Heritage's lengthy list of Obamacare's new taxes and penalties, many of which will heavily impact the middle class. Altogether, Obamacare's taxes and penalties will accumulate an additional $500 billion in new revenue over a 10-year period. Yesterday, a senior economist for The Wall Street JournalÂ revealed that 75 percent of Obamacare's new taxes will be paid for by American families making under $120,000 a year. Among the taxes that will hit the middle class are the individual mandate, a 2.3 percent excise tax on medical devices, a 10 percent excise tax on indoor tanning, and an increase of the floor on medical deductions from 7.5 percent of adjusted gross income to 10 percent.

Promise #2: "If you like your health care plan, you'll be able to keep your health care plan, period."
Reality: Research continues to show that as many as 30 percent of employers will dump their employees from their existing health care coverage. The Administration itself has admitted that "as a practical matter, a majority of group health plans will lose their grandfather status by 2013."

Promise #3: "I will not sign a plan that adds one dime to our deficitsâ€”either now or in the future."
Reality: As Heritage analysts explain, "A close examination of what [the Congressional Budget Office] said, as well as other evidence, makes it clear that the deficit reduction associated with [Obamacare] is based on budget gimmicks, sleights of hand, accounting tricks, and completely implausible assumptions. A more honest accounting reveals the new law as a trillion-dollar budget buster."

Promise #4: "I will protect Medicare."
Reality: A Heritage Factsheet shows the various ways Obamacare ends Medicare as we know it, including severe physician reimbursement cuts that threaten seniors' access to care and putting an unelected board of bureaucrats in charge of meeting Medicare's new spending cap.

Promise #5: "I will sign a universal health care bill into law by the end of my first term as president that will cover every American and cut the cost of a typical family's premium by up to $2,500 a year."
Reality: Obamacare does not accomplish universal coverage; it leaves 26 million Americans without insurance. Moreover, Heritage research outlines 12 ways that Obamacare will increase premiums instead of reducing health care costs. Requirements that plans allow young adults to stay on their parents' coverage and offer preventive services with no cost sharing are already leading to higher growth in premiums.

When polled, 70 percent of Americans held an unfavorable view of the individual mandate. It's doubtful that calling it a "tax" will dramatically change their opinion. Now that Obamacare and its broken promises remain the law of the land, it's up to the American people to see to it that the law is ultimately repealed by Congress. Then, they can move forward with real reform that puts patients' needs first.

Approval Ratings for Supreme Court Fall Following Healthcare Ruling

NEWS MAX Sunday, 01 Jul 2012 01:31 PM

Public opinion of the Supreme Court has grown more negative since the highly publicized ruling on the president’s healthcare law was released. A growing number now believe that the high court is too liberal and that justices pursue their own agenda rather than acting impartially.

A week ago, 36 percent said the court was doing a good or an excellent job. That’s down to 33 percent today. However, the big change is a rise in negative perceptions. Today, 28 percent say the Supreme Court is doing a poor job. That’s up 11 points over the past week.

The new Rasmussen Reports national telephone survey, conducted on Friday and Saturday following the court ruling, finds that 56 percent believe justices pursue their own political agenda rather than generally remain impartial. That’s up five points from a week ago. Just half as many — 27 percent — believe the justices remain impartial.

Thirty-seven percent (37 percent) now believe the Supreme Court is too liberal, while 22 percent think it's too conservative. A week ago, public opinion was much more evenly divided: 32 percent said it was too liberal and 25 percent said too conservative.

In the latest survey, 31 percent now believe the balance is about right.

The national survey of 1,000 likely voters was conducted on June 29-30, 2012 by Rasmussen Reports. The margin of sampling error is +/- 3 percentage points with a 95 percent level of confidence. Field work for all Rasmussen Reports surveys is conducted by Pulse Opinion Research, LLC.

As first noted in polling conducted Wednesday and Thursday, there has been a sizable partisan shift in perceptions of the high court.

A week ago, Republicans were generally positive about the court. Forty-two percent (42 percent) of GOP voters gave the justices good or excellent marks, while 14 percent said poor. Now, the numbers are strongly negative — 20 percent say good or excellent and 43 percent say poor.

Among Democrats, the numbers went from mixed to very positive. A week ago, 35 percent of those in the president’s party gave the high court positive reviews and 22 percent offered a negative assessment. Now, 50 percent are positive and only 11 percent give the high court negative marks.

As for those not affiliated with either major party, the positives remained unchanged at 31 percent. However, among unaffiliated voters, the number rating the court's performance as poor doubled from 14 percent a week ago to 30 percent today.

Among Political Class voters, positive ratings for the Supreme Court soared to 55 percent, compared to 27 percent a week ago.

Among Mainstream voters, the court’s ratings headed in the opposite direction. A week ago, 34 percent of Mainstream voters said the court was doing a good or excellent job and 17 percent gave it poor ratings. The numbers have now reversed — 22 percent positive and 36 percent negative.

Democrats are now fairly evenly divided as to whether justices pursue their own agenda or remain impartial. However, by lopsided margins, Republicans and unaffiliated voters believe that they pursue their own agenda.

In March, just before oral arguments on the healthcare law, only 28 percent gave the high court such positive ratings. Those were the lowest ratings ever earned by the court in more than eight years of polling by Rasmussen Reports. But those oral arguments convinced many that the president’s healthcare law might be overturned, and positive ratings for the court jumped 13 points to 41 percent.

In his weekly syndicated newspaper column, Scott Rasmussen contends that the Supreme Court ruling keeps the healthcare law on life support. “But it's important to remember that the law has already lost in the court of public opinion," he writes. "The Supreme Court ruling is a temporary reprieve more than anything else”

Most voters had wanted the court to overturn the healthcare law and uphold the Arizona immigration law. The court ruled in the opposite way on both issues. Most voters continue to favor repeal of the president’s healthcare law.

Read more on Newsmax.com: Approval Ratings for Supreme Court Fall Following Healthcare Ruling
Important: Do You Support Pres. Obama's Re-Election? Vote Here Now!

“La Democracia en América” de Alexis de Tocqueville, por Amemper.

Es una de esas obras cumbres que, es extraordinariamente poco leída. Sin embargo, y aunque es cierto que esto suele ser frecuente, es una pena que así sea. La lucidez de Tocqueville y sus atinados comentarios sobre la aparición de un nuevo modelo político, la democracia, y sus consecuencias sociales, no deben perderse de vista, por mucho que hayan pasado más de 150 años desde que fueron realizados.

La esperanza de Tocqueville fue salvar la idea de la libertad frente al predominio inminente de la igualdad

Alex de Tocqueville es el padre del pensamiento liberal, en el sentido correcto del liberalismo, no el concepto actual de la palabra liberal que se usa incorrectamente para definir al socialismo.

Sobre el socialismo Tocqueville escribió:

“El socialismo es una nueva forma de esclavitud. Soy profundamente demócrata, por esta razón no soy de ninguna manera socialista. La democracia y el socialismo no pueden ir juntos. No se puede tener las dos cosas”.

Friedrich Hayek, Adam Smith y todos los otros liberales que siguieron a Tocqueville fueron influenciados por sus ideas.

Cuando Tocqueville dice:

“El comercio es el enemigo natural de todas las pasiones violentas; hace a los hombres independientes los unos de los otros y les da una alta idea de su importancia personal, que les lleva a querer gestionar sus propios asuntos y les enseña a tener éxito en ellos. Por lo tanto, los inclina a la libertad, pero poco a la revolución” es el mismo pensamiento de Friedrich Hayek cuando dice “Los órdenes naturales, tales como el mercado, no pueden ser captados por nuestros sentidos, sino que sólo cabe descubrir su existencia por vía del intelecto”

Cuando Tocqueville habla de “democracia” no se refiere a una forma de gobierno sino a la “creciente igualación de las condiciones”. La democracia es un proceso social. Lo que ve en 1835, es una visión profética, porque es el comienzo del movimiento que llevará a la homogeneización. Por supuesto, detrás de esta gradual y creciente igualación de las condiciones está la idea rectora de la igualdad, valor-eje de la democracia.

“La opción por una sociedad de libre competencia donde a unos les va a ir mejor que a otros. La moral de los “ganadores” es que el que gana, gana y el que pierde, pierde. Los “ganadores” prefieren la libertad. Pueden estar arriba o abajo en la escala social, pero no es cuestión de la situación objetiva en que hoy están sino de cuánta fe se tienen en dirección al horizonte.

La actitud de los “perdedores”, que no tienen fe en sí mismos aunque objetivamente sean riquísimos (gracias a privilegios estatales, por ejemplo). Los “perdedores” compensan su frustración individual agremiándose o requiriendo la protección del Estado”.

Tocqueville vino a los EEUU para racionalizar la Constitución norteamericana. En 1835, EEUU es una sociedad que está combinando con éxito la inevitable democracia con la deseable libertad. En cambio, Tocqueville ve en Europa una notable dificultad para combinarlas. En el tomo I de su análisis de La democracia en América se pregunta cómo hacen los americanos para salvar la libertad en medio de la democracia. En los tomos II y III, se pregunta por las democracias del futuro lo cual es muy interesante en nuestros dias.

Lo que descubre Tocqueville en EEUU como nuevos apoyos de la libertad, como “prótesis” institucionales que allí reimplantan la diversidad salvadora de la libertad –que alguna vez existió en estado natural, antes que los reyes absolutos la eliminaran-, es la proliferación de asociaciones voluntarias y la libertad de prensa. Estas son las instituciones en las que más insiste Tocqueville. Algo que también le llama poderosamente la atención es cómo se han asociado en los norteamericanos el espíritu religioso y el espíritu de la libertad. América es una sociedad donde los grupos religiosos han ido a ejercer la libertad, a competir unos con otros. En cambio, en la Europa de la época de Tocquerville, la Iglesia habia resistido la revolución liberal. En los Estado Unidos de 1835, ser religioso institucionalista significaba ser antiliberal; hubo una colisión entre el principio religioso y el principio liberal, quizás porque sus colonizadores vinieron huyendo de una persecución de un estado de una religión institucionalizada, de una teocracia.

Dice Tocqueville algo interesante sobre la estabilidad democrática y las revoluciones:

Las revoluciones erosionan el sentido del derecho y se termina sin saber qué es el derecho porque la voluntad del revolucionario triunfante, y no la Constitución, es la ley.

Es lo que vimos en el siglo XX en Cuba.

Otras notas características de las sociedades democráticas es que son pacíficas a menos que se las amenace y entonces van a la guerra total. El poder político es amplio pero débil; abarca mucho pero sin vigor.

Basta recorrer estos pensamientos para advertir hasta qué punto Tocqueville adivinó, en el siglo XIX, los rasgos más salientes de la sociedad del siglo XXI que estamos viviendo.

“Un gobierno democrático es el único en el que los que votan por un impuesto puede escapar a la obligación de pagar”

“Quiero imaginar bajo qué nuevos rasgos podría producirse el despotismo en el mundo. Veo una multitud de hombres iguales o semejantes, que giran constantemente sobre sí mismos para procurarse placeres vulgares con los que llenan su alma. Cada uno de ellos, retirado aparte y como extraño al destino de los demás. Sus hijos y amigos particulares forman, para él, toda la especie humana. Por encima de ellos, se levanta un poder inmenso y tutelar que es el único encargado de procurar sus goces y de velar por su suerte. Ese poder es absoluto, detallado, previsor y suave. Se parecería al poder paterno si, como éste, tuviera por fin preparar a los hombres para la edad viril. Pero, por el contrario, no persigue más que fijarlos irrevocablemente en la infancia. Le gusta que los ciudadanos gocen, con tal de que no piensen más que en gozar. Trabaja gustosamente para su felicidad, provee y asegura sus necesidades, conduce sus negocios, dirige su industria, regula sus sucesiones. ¡Qué lástima que no pueda quitarles enteramente la molestia de pensar y el trabajo de vivir!”.

Un resumen actualizado del pensamiento de Tocqueville que podemos reconocer en nuestros tiempos, lo podemos encontrar en estas palabras

“Una democracia no puede existir como un sistema permanente de gobierno. Puede sólo existir hasta que los votantes puedan votar para su propio beneficio del tesoro público. Desde este momento, la mayoría vota por los candidatos que les ofrecen los mayores beneficios del tesoro público con el resultado de que la democracia siempre colapsa por una política fiscal colgante, siempre seguida de una dictadura. El promedio de las grandes democracias del mundo ha sido 200 años”

Una declaración profética espeluznante para nuestros días.

N. Dakota Oil Boom Exposes Obama's 'Self-Serving Falsehood'‏

Note de Jorge A Villalon, my opinion: I have always maintain that in the continental EE. UU. is more oil than anywhere else. Besides of having the biggest natural gas reserves and needless to say coal, that is not as dirty now as in the past to use as a source of energy.

I am not counting renewable energy because is available to all, in some capacity.

Below one sample of what this can do to a small state like S.D.

N. Dakota Oil Boom Exposes Obama’s ‘Self-Serving Falsehood’

North Dakota is experiencing such a boom in revenues from oil production that voters actually considered a measure to abolish the state’s property taxes.

Although the measure was defeated in the June 12 vote, the fact that it was even considered points to the incredible economic opportunities enjoyed by North Dakota residents due to unfettered oil production.

“It turns out that, yes, we can drill our way out of our problems,” Investor’s Business Daily (IBD) observes in an editorial.

“If you can see a pattern here, you're way ahead of President Obama. His argument is that we can't drill our way out of high energy prices let alone out of debt and the need for higher taxes. But it's about to be exposed once again as the self-serving falsehood it is.”

North Dakota in March pumped oil at the rate of 575,490 barrels per day, replacing California as the nation's No. 3 oil-producing state behind Texas and Alaska. At its current rate of production growth, North Dakota will likely surpass Alaska sometime this year.

Continental Resources, which operates 10 percent of the drilling rigs in North Dakota, estimates there are more than 900 billion barrels of oil in place.

Only 27 billion to 45 billion barrels are actually recoverable using today's technology, but that amount will grow as technology advances.

Thanks to the energy boom, North Dakota has the nation's lowest unemployment rate at just over 3 percent, and Williams County — at the center of the drilling boom — boasts the lowest jobless rate in the country at just 0.7 percent.

Oil revenues in the state generated some $840 million in fiscal 2011 and are expected to deliver more than $2 billion over the next two years. State per-capita income is $4,000 above the national average.

“The North Dakota oil boom has occurred on private and state lands, unfettered by federal edict that has placed out of reach much of the estimated 200-year supply of oil within our borders,” IBD stated, noting that 94 percent of federal onshore lands and 97 percent of federal offshore lands are off-limits to oil and gas drilling.

As the Insider Report disclosed earlier, the Green River Formation, a largely vacant area where Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming come together, contains about as much recoverable oil as all the rest of the world's proven reserves combined.

But most of the oil is beneath federal land overseen by the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management, and the government has "locked up" development of the huge resource, critics charge.

“Critics will say North Dakota is a small state and its success couldn't be replicated nationwide,” IBD concludes. “Oh, yes it can.

“We can cut taxes, boost employment and jump-start economic growth if we tap into that 200-year supply of oil and back oil-extraction technology with as much enthusiasm as the Obama administration backs electric cars and high-speed rail.

If you don’t want to receive this please let me know so that I can remove you.

“Por un mejor Miami-Dade”

Lázaro R González Miño

305 445 7364 lazarorgonzalez@hotmail.com MrLazaroRGonzalez.blogspot.com

“Salmo 109” 7- Cuando fuere juzgado salga culpable; 8- Sean sus días pocos; tome otro su oficio,

Porque tuyo es El Reino, El Poder y La Gloria Eterna. AMEN

Lazaro R Gonzalez

Monday, July 2, 2012

270 millones de armas están en las manos de ciudadanos americanos.